Hey, '66 -
I agree with Big Red for troubleshooting: the open port(s) on the manifold block in pix #A and #B should be plugged for troubleshooting.
To fix it all up, though - here's my assessment of your pix:
Pix A and B: this is the manifold vacuum port. Lots of things get hooked up to this, and the extra holes need to be plugged. The rubber covers sometimes rot and fall off, creating a leak. This will let you run only until the choke opens, then it will be 'iffy' after it warms up.
Pix C: Vacuum canister - this 'stores' vacuum for your accessories, like the heater/AC controls inside the car. The little flaps that open for heat (or AC, if you have it) get controlled by vacuum from your heater control lever. This canister stores the vacuum so that when you're climbing a long hill and manifold vacuum is low, the flaps won't shift from "heat" to "defrost" or something similar as the vacuum runs out.
Pix D: This is your heat control valve for the heater core inside the car. Like I mentioned above, when you switch the heater control inside to HEAT, it opens this valve with a vacuum line from the heater control.
So, from C and D you can presume that those hoses coming from inside the firewall go to the vacuum canister nipple and the heater valve. If you get them backward, it won't work right, but it won't hurt anything, either.
Pix E: I suspect (from the angle of the hose) that the angled one goes to the above-mentioned heater valve, the other one to the vacuum canister.
By the way - that heater valve should be connected into the heater hose where it comes out of the block, by the thermostat. The other side of the valve should go to the heater core. Probably, right now (if your heater works), someone connected the hoses straight to the heater core. If your heater does not make heat, then someone's disconnected the whole thing, likely because it was leaking and they didn't want to try to replace the heater core - which is sort of a pain. I've bought more than one car where someone did just this, because they didn't want to be bothered, them froze all winter without it...
Hope this helps.
Merry Christmas!